"The Whistling Boy", 1872 Frank Duveneck (1848-1919) Art Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

To whistle, the facial muscles, in particular the orbicularis oris muscle, aided by the buccinators, will pucker the lips and reduce the volume of the oral cavity by contraction of the cheeks to expel air causing whistling. Clinicians have recognized a facies or characteristic face to refer to the "whistling face syndrome" (WFS). Another name for the syndrome is Freeman Sheldon. The WFS is the result of prenatal atrophy and subsequent contractures of facial muscles. Generally, the syndrome is due to an autosomal dominant mutation, and the contractures also impact distal articulations or joints (arthrogryposis).